Kraushaar Galleries records, 1885-2006

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A Finding Aid to the Kraushaar Galleries Records, 1885-2006, in the Archives of American Art, by Stephanie L. Ashley and Sarah Haug

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Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the Getty Foundation and the Smithsonian Institution Collections Care Fund

Table of Contents:

• Historical Note
• Overview of the Collection
• How to Use the Collection
• Detailed Description and Container Inventory
• Appendices

Historical Information

Charles W. Kraushaar established Kraushaar Galleries in 1885 as a small store on Broadway near Thirty-first Street in New York City. Initially the store sold artist materials, photogravures, and reproductions. Drawing on his previous experience working with William Schause, a leading dealer in European paintings, Kraushaar soon progressed to selling original watercolors, paintings, and engravings by European artists, primarily landscapes of the Barbizon School.

In 1901 Kraushaar moved the business to 260 Fifth Avenue and with the assistance of his brother, John F. Kraushaar, began adding more modern French and American painters to the inventory. Of particular interest to John Kraushaar was the group of American realists known as "The Eight," who had held a self-selected, self-organized exhibition at the Macbeth Gallery in 1908. The Eight were Arthur B. Davies, William Glackens, Robert Henri, Ernest Lawson, George Luks, Maurice Prendergast, Everett Shinn, and John Sloan. Luks, whom John Kraushaar met around 1902, was probably the first major American artist represented at Kraushaar Galleries. In 1917 John Sloan was invited to hold his first one-person show at the galleries despite accusations that his exhibition at the Whitney Studio the previous year had represented a brutal depiction of life that lacked subtlety and sensitivity.

When Charles Kraushaar died suddenly in 1917, John assumed control of the galleries and soon enlisted the assistance of his daughter, Antoinette Kraushaar. Antoinette had suffered a bout of pneumonia during the influenza epidemic of 1918 that cut short her education; grooming her for a career in the galleries was a logical step. Following the end of the First World War, Kraushaar resumed his buying trips to Europe, often accompanied by Antoinette, and exhibited works by European artists such as André Derain, Henri Matisse, Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and Vincent Van Gogh. However, it was the increasing commitment to contemporary American artists for which the galleries would become best known. In addition to The Eight, the Kraushaars developed their inventory of American paintings and etchings with exhibitions of work by artists such as Gifford Beal, Charles Demuth, Guy Pène Du Bois, Gaston Lachaise, Jerome Myers, Charles Prendergast, and Henry Schnakenberg.

Returning from a buying trip to Europe in 1929, John Kraushaar wrote to California collector Preston Harrision on July 26 that "the prices over there, especially for modern pictures are astounding." Nevertheless, Kraushaar believed that investing in modern art would yield benefits within the next five years, and he refused to be influenced by museums and critics outside of New York who were reluctant to agree. He exhibited a healthy disrespect for museum directors in general, whom he referred to in his letters to Harrision as "dead heads" who ought to be sent to different art centers of the world in order to "get in touch with what is going on there" (March 11, 1929).

Like most of its contemporaries, Kraushaar Galleries suffered considerably during the Depression of the 1930s and struggled to collect and, in turn, pay accounts due. On October 5, 1931, John Kraushaar confessed to H. S. Southam, "Business is very bad with us, and I know that you will treat it confidentially when I tell you that I have had to sacrifice a good part of my personal holdings to provide cash for my own business." By 1934 the rent on the galleries' current location at 680 Fifth Avenue, where Kraushaar had moved in 1919, was out of all proportion to the amount of business that was being generated. In 1936, a timely move to 730 Fifth Avenue allowed the family to effect substantial economies without a disproportionate loss of business.

During the 1930s, John Kraushaar's health began to fail, and he was frequently absent from the galleries. Consequently, Antoinette Kraushaar took on greater responsibility for the operation of the business with the assistance of her brother Charles. Although Antoinette was one of few women to hold such a prominent position in the art business at that time, there is no evidence in the records to suggest that artists or customers who had been accustomed to dealing with John Kraushaar had any difficulty accepting the transition in management from father to daughter.

Nevertheless, collecting accounts remained difficult, and although business had improved by 1938 it was now stymied by the threat of war in Europe. The warmth of relations between the Kraushaars and the artists they handled, and their colleagues, was crucial to Antoinette during these years. She repeatedly expressed her gratitude for their understanding and assistance in her letters as she struggled to meet financial obligations and operate the business in her father's absence, experimenting with different strategies as she evolved an approach that would sustain the business. In a letter to Gifford Beal dated August 6, 1941, she spoke of "hellish times" and stressed, "I have learned a great many things during the past few years and hope that we are groping our way towards a working solution of our own affairs at least."

While there is no question that Antoinette Kraushaar shared her father's genuine interest in contemporary American artists, the growing commitment to these artists that was forged during these years was driven in large part by necessity. By increasing her stock of American art and adding "younger painters of promise," she was able to sell work in a much broader price range. Consequently she could reach a wider audience and increase the likelihood that the business would remain solvent. This method of business also suited her personality far more than having a very specialized inventory of highly priced work, an approach that she confessed to J. Lionberger Davis on December 3, 1940, "requires a particular kind of temperament, and frankly I neither like it nor believe in it."

Throughout her career Antoinette imbued the business with her personal style. She understood that elitism alienated art buyers of moderate income, who constituted her bread and butter, and believed strongly that the gallery environment should not be intimidating to potential customers. She corresponded at length with old and new clients alike, patiently offering advice when asked and maintaining liberal policies for those who wished to borrow artwork on approval. She also participated in events that promoted efforts to make art available to a wider audience, such as a 1951 exhibition and seminar at the Florida Gulf Coast Art Center that addressed problems of buying and selling art. She was a two-time board member of the Art Dealers Association of America and considered the organization to be an important source of support for the gallery community.

In her dealings with other commercial galleries and art institutions, Antoinette Kraushaar exhibited a strong spirit of cooperation and enthusiasm, consistently lending art to small, locally owned businesses and community organizations as well as to more established galleries and world-class museums. She also developed long and mutually beneficial associations with the art departments of many educational institutions across the country, which proved to be fertile ground for young and upcoming artists.

Antoinette Kraushaar exhibited the same honesty and fairness in dealing with artists as her father had, expressing her opinions of their work in a forthright manner and maintaining a policy of always looking at the work of any artist who came to her. She understood the inherent difficulties of dealing with living artists but relished the excitement of encouraging their work and watching them develop. On November 14, 1947, in reply to a letter from the artist Bernard Arnest, in which Arnest apologized for burdening her with his worries, she reminded him, "One of the functions of a dealer is to act as a safety valve. Didn't you know?"

Although she would not retain artists indefinitely if she felt their work had deteriorated in quality, Antoinette often stressed that she was prepared to accept little or no initial financial return on the work of artists who showed promise or whose work held a particular appeal for her. In a letter of December 30, 1940, she reassured Walt Dehner that the lack of sales from his recent exhibition would not lead her to withdraw his work from the galleries. In typically unassuming style she advised Dehner to "go on painting whatever interests you. We have found that there is no recipe for success, either artistic or material."

In the early 1940s Antoinette Kraushaar implemented two changes to her inventory. Sensing that interest in sculpture was growing, she rearranged the space to give that medium more room and attention. The market for etchings had been declining since the late 1930s, and as she reduced this part of her inventory she also acted on her personal passion for drawings by opening a small gallery devoted to contemporary American drawings that were priced well within the range of most customers.

By the time Kraushaar Galleries moved to 32 East Fifty-seventh Street, late in 1944, American art had become the main focus of the business. While the long-standing interest in The Eight and other artists of that period continued, the galleries also handled contemporaries such as Louis Bouché, Samuel Brecher, John Heliker, Andrée Ruellan, and Karl Schrag. When John Kraushaar died in December 1946, Antoinette and Charles legally assumed control of the business. This partnership continued until 1950, when Antoinette assumed sole ownership of the gallery.

In 1955 the galleries moved uptown to smaller quarters at 1055 Madison Avenue, and Antoinette Kraushaar gave up the greater part of her print business. She was inundated with requests from artists to be allowed a chance to show her their work, and the galleries' exhibition schedule was always full. Contemporary artists she now represented included Bernard Arnest, Peggy Bacon, Russell Cowles, Kenneth Evett, William Dean Fausett, William Kienbusch, Joe Lasker, and George Rickey, and she continued to exhibit artwork by Charles Demuth, William Glackens, George Luks, Maurice Prendergast, Boardman Robinson, and John Sloan.

By the late 1950s the artists of the generation that her father had promoted in the early part of the century had died, but Antoinette Kraushaar had the pleasure of seeing his faith in them come to fruition. In a letter to Ralph Wilson dated October 20, 1958, she stated with satisfaction, "The Boston Museum is taking (at long last) a deep interest in (Maurice) Prendergast, and they will probably do an important show within the next year." Her correspondence with William Glackens's son Ira in the 1960s reveals the extent to which Glackens's popularity had grown since his death in 1938, and the market for John Sloan's work had been increasing steadily since the late 1920s. In 1962 James Penney summed up Kraushaar Galleries' success in the foreword of a catalog for an exhibition of paintings and sculpture the galleries had organized with the Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute at Hamilton College:

Over the years, Kraushaar's has maintained a freshness of viewpoint, a soundness of judgment and an integrity of practice that have made it one of the most respected and successful of American galleries. It is one of the few galleries difficult to type as the representative of a particular style or fashion, for its concern is with quality. Its fairness and reliability in dealing both with the artist and the public have become the measure for the integrity of an American art dealer.

In 1964, Antoinette Kraushaar extended the galleries' property into the adjacent building. She continued to manage the business for twenty-four more years, handling contemporary American paintings, drawings, and sculpture and specializing in the work of early-twentieth-century American painters. In 1988 she retired from day-to-day management of the galleries and died four years later at the age of ninety. Kraushaar Galleries remains in operation today at 724 Fifth Avenue under the direction of Carole Pesner (president) and Katherine Kaplan (director), who joined the gallery in 1959 and 1986 respectively. The galleries continue to show figurative and abstract work by living American painters and sculptors while also representing, or offering works by, many of the same artists, such as Gifford Beal, William Glackens, and John Sloan, that John and Antoinette championed throughout their careers.

Date

Event

1854

Charles W. Kraushaar born

1871

John F. Kraushaar born

1885

Kraushaar Galleries established on Broadway near Thirty-first Street

1901

Galleries moved to 260 Fifth Avenue

1902

Antoinette Kraushaar born

1917

Charles W. Kraushaar died; John Kraushaar assumed control of the business, increasing inventory of modern American and European artists; first John Sloan exhibition

1919

Galleries moved to 680 Fifth Avenue

[1920]

Antoinette Kraushaar began assisting with the business

1924

Maurice Prendergast died

1936

Galleries moved to the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue

1938

William J. Glackens died

1944

Galleries moved to the Rolls Royce Building at 32 East Fifty-seventh Street; American art now the main focus of the business

1946

John Kraushaar died; Antoinette and Charles Kraushaar assumed control of the business

1948

Charles Prendergast died

1950

Antoinette Kraushaar assumed sole ownership of Kraushaar Galleries

1951

John Sloan died

1955

Galleries moved to 1055 Madison Avenue

1959

Carole Pesner joined Kraushaar Galleries

1964

Galleries extended into adjacent building

1981

Galleries moved to 724 Fifth Avenue

1986

Katherine Kaplan joined Kraushaar Galleries

1988

Antoinette Kraushaar retired from day-to-day management of the business

1992

Antoinette Kraushaar died

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Overview of the Collection

Scope and Contents

The records of New York City Kraushaar Galleries measure 91.9 linear feet and date from its establishment in 1885 to 2006. Three-fourths of the collection documents the gallery's handling of contemporary American paintings, drawings, and sculpture through correspondence with artists, private collectors, museums, galleries, and other art institutions, interspersed with scattered exhibition catalogs and other materials. Also included are John F. Kraushaar's estate records; artists' files; financial ledgers documenting sales and gallery transactions; consignment and loan records; photographs of artwork; sketchbooks and drawings by James Penney, Louis Bouché, and others; and two scrapbooks.

The collection reflects all activities conducted in the day-to-day administration of the business and relates to the acquisition, consignment, loan, sale, and exhibition of art by twentieth-century American artists and European artists of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The records document specific arrangements for loans and exhibitions, artist-dealer relations, relationships with public and private collectors, interaction with the art dealer community, and routine requests for information.

Much of the artist correspondence relates to practical arrangements for exhibitions of artwork, but in many cases also documents the development of individual artists and the effect of their relationship with the galleries on their ability to produce marketable work. Many of the artists represented in the collection also wrote lengthy letters, particularly to Antoinette Kraushaar, describing their attitudes to their work and providing insight into how that work was shaped by events in their personal lives.

The bulk of the correspondence with museums and institutions concerns practical arrangements for loans of artwork and provides detailed information about market prices and insurance values. It offers insight into the general climate of opinion toward particular artists and styles at any given time. Correspondence with other galleries and dealers also concerns loans and sales of artwork but, due to the typically cordial and cooperative nature of relations between the Kraushaars and their contemporaries, may also provide a more extensive and personal view of relationships and trends in the art dealer community. Similarly, while a portion of the correspondence with private collectors concerns routine requests for information and loans of art on approval, there is also substantive correspondence documenting the development of the artistic vision of collectors such as Preston Harrison, Elizabeth S. Navas, and Duncan Phillips.

From 1917 to the mid-1930s correspondence was handled mainly by John Kraushaar, and the bulk of that relating to European galleries and European art can be found during these years. Although there are only a handful of materials before 1926, records from the 1920s and 1930s document Kraushaar Galleries' growing commitment to American artists and the climate of the market for their work. The financial hardships of the Depression are vividly depicted in the numerous letters written during the 1930s seeking payment on accounts receivable and requesting extensions on accounts payable.

From the mid-1930s to 1968 correspondence was conducted primarily by Antoinette Kraushaar and, to some degree, by her assistants in later years. As the galleries' focus on American art increased, so did the volume of correspondence with artists, and the collection is particularly rich during the 1940s and early 1960s. In later years to 2006, most of the correspondence was conducted by Carol Pesner and gallery assistants.

The exhibition catalogs included in the collection do not represent a complete set. Those found are working copies used by the galleries in preparation for exhibitions and are often annotated with prices or insurance values. Additional exhibition catalogs can be found on the microfilm described in the Administrative Information section of this finding aid.

The majority of Kraushaar Galleries' insurance records can be found in files relating to the company Wm. E. Goodridge & Son, later known as Wm. E. Goodridge, Inc. Shipping and transportation records are generally filed under the names of the companies used for such transactions and can primarily be found under Davies, Turner & Co., Hudson Forwarding & Shipping Co., Railway Express Agency, Inc., and W. S. Budworth & Son, and to a lesser degree under American Railway Express Company, Arthur Lenars & Cie., C. B. Richard & Co., De La Rancheraye & Co., Hayes Storage, Packing & Removal Service, Inc., and Willis, Faber & Co. Ltd.

The 2008-2009 accretion includes additional correspondence similar in content and with correspondents as described above, as well as some artists' Christmas cards. However, the bulk of the additional correspondence dates from 1965-2006, with a handful of miscellaneous correspondence from 1877 to the mid-twentieth century. Also found are financial and business records including records from the closing of the John F. Kraushaar estate; over 40 ledgers providing nearly complete documentation of the gallery's sales and transactions from its establishment to 1946; incoming consignment records, including account statements and correspondence with artists, from the 1940s to 2006; and outgoing consignment and loan records from 1899-2006. The gallery's representation of its stable of artists is documented through artists' files containing printed materials, exhibition catalogs and announcements, price lists, and biographical information, as well as containers of photographs and negatives of artwork. Also found is a 1933 sketchbook by James Penney, drawings and sketchbooks by Louis Bouché, and two scrapbooks.

See Index for List of Kraushaar Galleries Exhibitions

Arrangement and Series Description

Kraushaar Galleries generally filed all types of records together with correspondence in a combination of alphabetical and chronological files. Thus financial records, insurance records, receipts, photographs, and exhibition catalogs can be found interfiled with general correspondence in Series 1-3. A group of photographs of artwork maintained separately by Kraushaar Galleries constitutes Series 4. Series 6 was minimally processed separately from Series 1-5, and the arrangement reflects the original order of the addition for the most part.

Records in Series 1-3 were originally filed alphabetically by name of correspondent and then by month, by a span of several months, or by year. The alphabetical arrangement has been retained, but to facilitate access the collection was rearranged so that correspondence was collated by year. From 1901 to 1944 outgoing letters and incoming letters are filed separately; in 1945 some outgoing letters are filed separately, with the bulk of the material filed together as correspondence; from 1946 to 1968 incoming and outgoing letters are filed together as correspondence.

For Series 1-3 organizations or individuals represented by at least 15 letters are filed in separate file folders. All other correspondents are arranged in general files by letters of the alphabet, with selected correspondents and subjects noted in parentheses after the folder title.

Series 2 and several boxes in Series 3 contain a variety of notes and receipts received and created by Kraushaar Galleries that were originally unfoldered. The notes can be found in folders adjacent to the receipts and include handwritten notes of customer names and addresses, financial notes and calculations, catalogs of exhibitions, invitations and announcements to exhibitions frequently used as note paper, and other miscellany. Although most of the miscellaneous notes are undated, they are filed, with the receipts, at the end of the year to which they appear to relate. For the years 1929 and 1930 Kraushaar Galleries created separate alphabetical files for some of the billing statements received from other businesses. These have been filed adjacent to "Miscellaneous Notes" and "Receipts" in the appropriate years.

Kraushaar Galleries tended to file correspondence with businesses alphabetically according to the letter of the last name: for example, Wm. E. Goodridge & Son would be filed under G rather than W.

• Series 1: Outgoing Letters, 1920-1945 (boxes 1-9; 9 linear ft.)
• Series 2: Incoming Letters, circa 1901-1944 (boxes 10-26; 16.25 linear ft.)
• Series 3: Correspondence, 1945-1968 (boxes 26-53; 27.75 linear ft.)
• Series 4: Photographs, circa 1900-1960 (box 54; 0.5 linear ft.)
• Series 5: Artwork, circa 1926, circa 1938 (box 53; 2 items)
• Series 6: Addition to the Kraushaar Galleries Records, 1885-2006 (boxes 55-99, BV100; 38.4 linear feet)

Subjects and Names

Provenance

53.5 linear feet of records were donated to the Archives of American Art by Kraushaar Galleries in three separate accessions in 1959, 1994, and 1996. Katherine Kaplan of Kraushaar Galleries donated an additional 38.4 linear feet in 2008-2009.

Separated and Related Materials

In addition to the records described in this finding aid, the following materials were lent to the Archives for filming in 1956 and are available on microfilm reels NKR1-NKR3 and for interlibrary loan: a book of clippings from 1907 to 1930, primarily of exhibition reviews; loose clippings and catalogs of exhibitions from 1930 to 1946; and a group of photographs and clippings relating to George Luks and other artists. These materials were returned to Kraushaar Galleries after microfilming.

An untranscribed oral history interview with Antoinette Kraushaar was conducted for the Archives of American Art by Avis Berman in 1982, and is available on five audio cassettes at the Archives' Washington D.C. research facility.

How the Collection was Processed

The first three accessions were merged and processed by Stephanie L. Ashley in 2000, with funding provided by The Getty Grant Program. The 2008-2009 addition of 38.4 linear feet was minimally processed by Sarah Haug in 2011 with funding provided by the Smithsonian Institution Collections Care Fund. The arrangement of the 2008-2009 addition reflects the original order of the collection for the most part.

How to Use the Collection

Restrictions on Use

Use of originals requires an appointment. A fragile original scrapbook is closed to researchers.

Ownership & Literary Rights

The Kraushaar Galleries records are owned by the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. The collection is subject to all copyright laws. Authorization to publish, quote or reproduce from the records requires written permission from: Katherine Kaplan, Kraushaar Galleries, 724 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10019.

How to Cite this Collection

Kraushaar Galleries records, 1885-2006. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

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Detailed Description and Container Inventory

Series 1: Outgoing Letters, 1920-1945 (boxes 1-9; 9 linear ft.)

This series documents John Kraushaar's management of the galleries and the increasing involvement of Antoinette Kraushaar from the 1930s on. Kraushaar Galleries wrote regularly to Gifford Beal, Charles Demuth, William Glackens, Gaston Lachaise, Henry Schnakenberg, and John Sloan during these years, and the records document the galleries' faith in, and growing popularity of, these artists. Correspondence with Charles Prendergast documents the galleries' representation of work by Charles and his brother, Maurice, and letters to Edith Glackens record the galleries' continued representation of William Glackens following his death in 1938. John Kraushaar's letters to Guy Pène Du Bois record his commitment to the artist's work but also his exasperation with Du Bois's handling of his financial affairs. The increase in letters to a growing group of artists including Russell Cowles, William Dean Fausett, Vaughn Flannery, John Hartell, John Heliker, Boardman Robinson, and Esther Williams in the later portion of the series reflects the development of the galleries' commitment to American art.

John Kraushaar's letters to Preston Harrison provide insight into his artistic tastes, his sense of humor, and his pragmatic attitude toward art dealership. Kraushaar's letters to Duncan Phillips document the many transactions that took place between the two men as Phillips was developing his collection of American art in Washington, D.C.

Letters regarding loans and sales to prominent institutions and museums such as the Art Institute of Chicago, Carnegie Institute, Cleveland Museum of Art, Museum of Modern Art, and Whitney Museum of American Art indicate the caliber and importance of the galleries' inventory during a crucial period in the history of American art.

John Kraushaar's dealings in European art are documented most extensively in his correspondence with British art dealers Alex. Reid & Lefèvre, Ltd. and Ernest Brown and Co., French dealers Etienne Bignou, Paul Guillaume, and J. Allard, and the Dutch company Franz Buffa & Zonen. The Kraushaars also dealt extensively in European art with Ottawa dealer J. E. Northwood of James Wilson & Co. and in European and American art with Albert Roullier Art Galleries and Chester H. Johnson Galleries in Chicago, and Dalzell Hatfield Galleries in California.

Additional scattered outgoing correspondence dating from 1920-1945 may be found in Series 6.1.

Records in this series are arranged chronologically and alphabetically by correspondent.

Series 2: Incoming Letters, circa 1901-1944 (boxes 10-26; 16.25 ft.)

This series contains letters written in response, or relation to, those in Series 1, and many of the significant correspondents in that series are also represented in Series 2. Of additional interest is the substantial correspondence from other artists including Joseph Barber, Gifford Beal, Reynolds Beal, Randall Davey, Walt Dehner, Charles Demuth, William Dean Fausett, Vaughn Flannery, Henry Keller, Richard Lahey, Charles Prendergast, Boardman Robinson, Iver Rose, Andrée Ruellan, Henry Schnakenberg, John Sloan, Katharine Sturgis, Esther Williams, and Mahonri Young. The series also contains regular letters from Guy Pène Du Bois, in Europe, that express personal feelings about his work and recurrent financial problems. Gaston Lachaise was also a regular correspondent who submitted frequent requests for financial assistance. After his death his work was handled by his wife, Isabel Nagle Lachaise, and the series documents the often difficult relations between Isabel Lachaise and Kraushaar Galleries. Letters from Edith and Ira Glackens demonstrate the mutual affection and respect between the Glackens family and the Kraushaars. The series contains only three short letters from Maurice Prendergast, with one describing his eagerness to exhibit at Kraushaar Galleries in December 1921, and three short letters from George Luks, which unfortunately supply little information about his work.

Correspondence with Gifford Beal, Reynolds Beal, Harriette Miller, Henry Schnakenberg, and Esther Williams illustrate the depth of the Kraushaar family's relationship with the Rockport art community, which extended beyond business to close personal friendships. Throughout the collection there is evidence that Antoinette Kraushaar continued a tradition of regular vacations to the area also enjoyed by her father.

The series contains substantial correspondence from Duncan Phillips. The descriptions of his enthusiasm for individual artists and specific pieces provide valuable documentation of his developing tastes. Regular and lengthy letters from Preston Harrison are full of lively information about the California art scene. Substantive correspondence with Elizabeth S. Navas begins in this series and documents the role that Kraushaar Galleries played in her goal to assemble the Roland P. Murdock Collection of the Wichita Art Museum under the terms of the will of Navas's friend, Louise Caldwell Murdock.

Additional incoming correspondence dating from 1901-1944 is found in Series 6.1.

Records are arranged chronologically and alphabetically by correspondent within each year. Nine folders of undated letters can be found at the beginning of the series. Letters from correspondents whose names are illegible or not recorded are also placed at the beginning of the appropriate year. Folders for "Miscellaneous Notes," "Bills," and "Receipts" are filed at the end of the year to which they relate.

Series 3: Correspondence, 1945-1968 (boxes 26-53; 27.75 ft.)

This series, which documents the operation of the gallery from 1945 to 1968, is the largest in the collection and rich in artist correspondence. In addition to correspondence with the artists mentioned in the description for Series 2, substantial correspondence with Humbert Albrizio, Bernard Arnest, Peggy Bacon, Louis Bouché, Leonard DeLonga, Kenneth Evett, Ernst Halberstadt, Tom Hardy, John Hartell, John Heliker, Robert Laurent, James Lechay, Carl Morris, James Penney, and Vernon Smith can be found here.

Correspondence with Eugenie Prendergast, following the death of Charles Prendergast in 1948, documents the galleries' continued commitment to the work of the Prendergast brothers and Eugenie Prendergast's decision to end the business relationship with Kraushaar Galleries around 1961. Substantial correspondence with Ira Glackens after the death of Edith in 1955 documents the galleries' continued representation of work by William Glackens. William Dean Fausett and Vaughn Flannery were both prolific correspondents throughout the 1940s, and their letters provide details concerning many aspects of their work. The Kraushaars' long and happy association with John Sloan also continues to be documented here, up to and beyond Sloan's death in 1951. Correspondence from 1947 records Guy Pène Du Bois's decision to seek another dealer, but that the split was reasonably amicable is evinced by Antoinette Kraushaar's continued contact with the family through Du Bois's daughter and artist in her own right, Yvonne.

The series documents some strong and mutually beneficial relations between Kraushaar Galleries and various art institutions and the individuals responsible for developing their collections. In addition to the institutions mentioned in the description for Series 1, institutions and individuals that are particularly well represented include the Toledo Museum of Art, Frederick Dwight Kirsch and the University of Nebraska Art Department, Alix W. Stanley and the New Britain Institute, and Ralph L. Wilson and Lehigh University.

To retain context, there is occasionally some slight overlap between years in cases where a letter from the end of one year was originally filed with one from the beginning of the next. Considerable interfiling of papers with acid-free paper was required in this series as many of the outgoing letters are printed on highly acidic paper. To reduce the bulk that this precaution added to the collection, outgoing letters to a single correspondent were often grouped together; hence strict chronological order has not been retained.

Additional correspondence dating from 1945-1968 is found in Series 6.1.

Records are arranged chronologically and alphabetically by correspondent within each year; folders for "Miscellaneous Notes," "Bills," and "Receipts" are filed at the end of the year to which they relate. A group of records dated 1950 to 1951, to and from various correspondents concerning loans for a William Sommer exhibition at Kraushaar Galleries in 1951, are filed at the end of 1950. Records for 1965 were not transferred to the Archives of American Art, with the exception of several pieces of correspondence. Similarly, there are very few letters from 1968.