Harold Weston papers, 1894-1978, bulk, 1912-1972

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A Finding Aid to the Harold Weston Papers, 1894-1978, bulk 1912-1972, in the Archives of American Art, by Jayna Hanson

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Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the Terra Foundation for American Art

Table of Contents:

• Biographical Information
• Overview of the Collection
• How to Use the Collection
• Detailed Description and Container Inventory

Biographical Information

Modernist painter and federal Treasury Relief Art Project artist Harold Weston (1894-1972) worked primarily in New York City and St. Huberts, New York in the Adirondacks. Weston was president of the U.S. Commission of the International Association of Art/Plastic Arts and the Federation of Modern Painters and Scultors. He was also chairman of the National Council on the Arts and Government and active with various political and humanitarian causes.

Harold Weston was born in 1894 in Merion, Pennsylvania into a privileged family. He attended school in Europe as a teenager, where he began to draw and sketch. In 1910, Harold contracted Polio which left him with a weak leg. After graduating from Exeter Academy, Harold entered Harvard University with the class of 1916 and was active in the Delta Upsilon Club and the Harvard Lampoon, for which he illustrated.

Despite his leg, Weston was determined to serve in some form during World War I. He traveled to Baghdad and volunteered with the YMCA. Here he started the Baghdad Art Club and organized exhibitions of soldier art. He remained in the Middle East until 1919 and served as the official painter for the British Army. The colors and the landscape of the region also inspired later works of art.

Upon returning to the United States, Weston built a one-room cabin in the Adirondack Mountains, where he lived and painted. He had his first one-man exhibtition at the Montross Gallery in 1922. In 1923, he married Faith Borton who moved with him to the Adirondacks. His wife inspired his series of "landscape nudes" which treated the body with different techniques that would typically be used in landscape painting. After suffering from a kidney infection in 1925, Weston and his wife moved to Ceres, France to recover. Weston continued to paint and started a family with Faith while in France. In 1930, the family moved back to the United States and lived in Greenwich Village, New York.

From 1936-1938, Harold Weston worked with the federal Treasury Relief Art Project and painted murals in the Procurement Building in Washington, D.C. The murals represent the growth of public buildings during the Great Depression. He took on a second major project to document the contruction of the United Nations in a series of six paintings. Later, the Smithsonian Instution received the paintings as gifts through an independent committee.

In addition to painting, Harold Weston devoted himself to public service by becoming involved in humanitarian causes, artist professional organizations, and federal government support of the arts. Weston served as president or chairman of three different organizations including the Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors, the International Association of Art/International Association of the Plastic Art, and the National Council on the Arts and Government. Before the start of World War II, Harold Weston was named the Chairman of Essex County Committee to Defend America, which argued for financial support of the allied forces in World War II. After the start of the war, he helped form the Food for Freedom movement which urged American aid for European and Asian refugees. Similarly, Weston served as Executive Secretary for the Reconstruction Service Committee which was established to assist the rebuilding of Europe.

Later in life, Weston wrote a book Freedom in the Wilds, which combined his own autobiography with a history of the Adirondack Mountain Reserve. Harold Weston died on April 10th, 1972 in New York City.

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Overview of the Collection

Scope and Contents

The papers of modernist painter and activist Harold Weston (1894-1972) date from 1894 to 1978 and measure 25.4 linear feet. The papers focus on Weston's painting career and his involvement with humanitarian and artistic causes. Found are biographical materials, correspondence, personal business records, association and organization records, commission and project files, materials relating to Weston's book Freedom in the Wilds, writings, artwork, printed materials, two scrapbooks, and photographs. The papers document his involvement with the Committee to Defend America, Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors, Food for Freedom, the International Association of the Plastic Arts, National Countil on the Arts and Government, National Endowment for the Arts, New York State Council for the Arts, Reconstruction Service Committee, and the YMCA in Baghdad.

Biographical materials include biographical sketches and resumes, including a short biography written by Faith Weston in 1969. There are records from his school years at Exeter Academy and Harvard University that include yearbooks, report cards, scholarship information, Harvard Lampoon materials, and a diploma from Harvard. Also found are materials relating to Faith Weston, membership cards, memorials information, passports and travel papers, and wedding wishes.

Correspondence from Harold Weston dates from his school years up until his death in 1972. In letters to his family, Weston discusses his education; his travel and activities in the Middle East during World War I; the Adirondacks; convalescense in France in the mid-1920s; his immediate family life; and exhibitions. Also found are holiday cards designed and printed by Weston. The majority of correspondence is with his father S. Burns Weston, mother Mary, sister Esther, brother Carl, Faith Weston and the Borton family, children Barbara, Bruce, and Haroldine, and others. Also found are letters between Weston and friend Theodore Sizer and Duncan Phillips of the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C.

Personal business and financial records relating to Weston's exhibitions include delivery receipts, agreements, hand-drawn gallery plans for exhibitions, lists of exhibitions, framing invoices, legal information, pricelists, records of sales, and lists of works of art. Galleries with which Weston held exhibitions, sold, or lent works of art include Boyer Galleries, Corcoran Gallery, the Gallery in Paoli, Montross Gallery, the Phillips Collection, and Studio House Galleries.

Records relating to Harold Weston's memberships and involvement with professional associations and service organizations are from the Adirondack Trail Improvement Society, the Committee to Defend America, Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors, Food for Freedom, International Association of the Plastic Arts/International Arts Association, National Countil on the Arts and Government, National Endowment for the Arts, New York State Council on the Arts, Reconstruction Service Committee, and the Young Men's Christian Association, Baghdad. The files include correspondence, financial records, meetings and membership information, notes, organizational history, photographs, printed materials, programs and activities records, speeches, and writings.

Files that document Weston's Building the United Nations and the Treasury Relief Project sponsored "Procurement Building Murals" are found within the Commissions and Project files series. The files include correspondence, financial information, legal documents, photographs of the works of art and research photos, and printed materials. Correspondence of note includes letters written by Lewis Mumford, Duncan Phillips, Eleanor Roosevelt on behalf of Weston's Building of the United Nations and letters from Leonard Carmichael, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Letters from Olin Dows of the Treasury Relief Art Project are within correspondence relating to the "Procurement Building Murals." Also found are preliminary sketches of the murals.

The Freedom in the Wilds series contains materials relating to the book which combined Weston's autobiography with a history of the Adirondack Mountain Reserve. Additional writings and notes are by Harold Weston and others, and include articles, poetry, notes, speech notes and speeches, and lists. Harold Weston's articles include "Persian Caravan Sketches" published in 1921 discussing his travels throughout the Middle East. Other articles are written by Duncan Phillips, Paul Rosenfeld, Barbara Weston, and Faith Weston. Also found are postcards annoted with notes by Harold Weston about his travels.

Artwork inlcudes sketches, etchings, copperplates, and woodcuts. There are copperplates entitled "Shroud" and of the series Building the United Nations for the Harvard Alumni bulletin in 1957; an untitled etching by Weston; sketches including those from Baghdad and watercolor sketches; a woodcut of the 1924 Weston holiday card; and scattered unsigned sketches probably not by Weston.

Printed materials include calendars with notations; clippings; exhibition catalogs and announcements for Weston's exhibitions dating from 1922-1976 and for others; gallery tags or labels for paintings shown in exhibitions; reproductions of illustrations for the Harvard Lampoon and full issues from 1911-1916; materials relating to the Harvard production of Henry IV, for which Weston designed the sets; reproductions of works of art by Weston and by others; school seals; and various art related publications.

There are two scrapbooks compiled by Faith Weston about her husband. The first contains materials relating to Weston's activity with the International Association of the Plastic Arts Conference of 1963, including a letter and photograph of President John F. Kennedy. The second scrapbook dates from 1977 and consists of general clippings relating to Weston's career, dating from 1917 to 1952 with additional materials added by Faith in 1977.

Photographs are of Weston, family members, exhibitions and installations, and works of art by Weston and others. There are also numerous photographs of Weston's travel through the Adirondacks, the Middle East, Europe, and India. Also found are glass plate negatives of works of art painted in France between 1926-1930; scattered glass plate negatives of Baghdad and the Middle East; glass plates belonging to S. Burns Weston of the Adirondacks, circa 1900; and approximately 100 lantern slides of the various Middle Eastern cities and ruins - probably used by Weston to illustrate his talks given in the 1920s.

Arrangement and Series Description

The collection is arranged as 11 series:

• Series 1: Biographical Information, 1896-1974 (Box 1, 47; 0.4 linear feet)
• Series 2: Correspondence, 1894-1975 (Box 1-3, 47; 2.5 linear feet)
• Series 3: Personal Business and Financial records, 1912-1977 (Box 4; 0.4 linear feet)
• Series 4: Associations and Organizations records, 1916-1972 (Box 4-10, 46-47; 6.5 linear feet)
• Series 5: Commissions and Project files, 1935-1965 (Box 10-12, OV 1; 1.4 linear feet)
• Series 6: Freedom in the Wilds records, late 1960s-1976 (Box 12-13; 1.8 linear feet)
• Series 7: Writings and Notes, 1912-1975 (Box 13-14; 0.6 linear feet)
• Series 8: Artwork and Artifacts, circa 1917-1967 (Box 14, 21; 0.6 linear feet)
• Series 9: Printed Material, circa 1900-1978 (Box 15-18, 47; 2.5 linear feet)
• Series 10: Scrapbooks, circa 1963-1977 (Box 17-18; 0.5 linear feet)
• Series 11: Photographs, circa 1900-1975 (Box 18-20, 22-45, 47; 5.9 linear feet)

Subjects and Names

Provenance

Harold Weston's widow Faith Borton Weston donated the papers in several increments between 1972-1980.

Separated and Related Materials

A portion of Harold Weston's papers were loaned for microfilming on reels N69-76 and 1293. Some, but not all, of these papers were included in later donations. Syracuse University also holds circa 14 linear feet of Harold Weston's papers.

How the Collection was Processed

Loaned and gift materials were microfilmed in unrelated increments on reels N69-76, 1293, and 515; reel 515 is no longer in circulation. Most, but not all, of the microfilmed loans were included in later gifts and were merged with all filmed and unfilmed subsequent gifts into one logical archival arrangement by Jayna Hanson in 2009 with funds provided by the Terra Foundation for American Art.

How to Use the Collection

Restrictions on Use

Use of original papers requires an appointment.

Ownership & Literary Rights

The Harold Weston papers are owned by the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Literary rights as possessed by the donor have been dedicated to public use for research, study, and scholarship. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.

How to Cite this Collection

Harold Weston papers, 1894-1978. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

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Detailed Description and Container Inventory

Series 1: Biographical Information, 1896-1974 (Box 1, 47; 0.4 linear feet)

Biographical materials consist of biograpical sketches, resumes; school records and ephemera from Exeter Academy and Harvard University, membership cards, passports and travel papers, materials relating to Weston's memorial service and wedding. Also found are documents relating to Faith Weston and a short biography of Weston written by Faith in 1969.

Series 2: Correspondence, 1894-1975 (Box 1-3, 47; 2.5 linear feet)

Harold Weston's correspondence spans from his school days until his death in 1972. Topics discussed in the correspondence concerns his education at Exeter Academy and Harvard University; his travels in the Middle East during World War I; his convalescence in France in the mid-1920s; travels in the Adirondacks; his family; exhibitions, among many other topics. Of particular interest are his letters to family members during World War I wherein he describes in detail his travels to sites throughout the Middle East. Also found are scattered letters written by Faith Weston to her family; postcards sent from Europe during the Westons' travels in the 1920s and the 1950s; condolence letters; and holiday cards, including those designed by Harold Weston.

Correspondents include Harold's parents Mary and S. Burns; siblings Carl and Esther; members of the Faith and the Borton family; children Barbara, Bruce, and Haroldine; and friends such as Theodore Sizer and Duncan Phillips.

Correspondence is arranged in rough chronological order. Harold Weston's correspondence relating to his participation in associations and organizations is found in Series 4.

Series 3: Personal Business and Financial records, 1912-1977 (Box 4; 0.4 linear feet)

Scattered records relating to Harold Weston's career include art receipts and expenses; art awards; consignment and loan information; delivery receipts; exhibition agreements; hand-drawn gallery and exhibition plans; framing invoices; insurance records; legal informating relating to Weston's affiliation Boyer Gallery; pricelists and inventories of works of art; and records of sales. Other materials include gift acknowledgements; a copy of Harold Weston's application for the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation from 1933; his will; materials regarding Weston's involvement with the Overseas Museum Project; an inventory of materials donated to Syracuse University; and cancelled stock.

Galleries represented in this series are those at which Weston held exibitions, sold, or lent works of art, including Boyer Galleries, Corcoran Gallery, the Gallery in Paoli, Montross Gallery, the Phillips Collection, and Studio House Galleries.

Files are arranged in alphabetical order.

Series 4: Associations and Organizations, 1916-1972 (Box 4-10, 46-47; 6.5 linear feet)

This series contains all materials relating to the numerous associations and organizations within which Harold Weston was a member or involved.

The Associations and Organizations series is arranged as 10 subseries:

• 4.1: Adirondack Trail Improvement Society, 1960s-1969
• 4.2: Committee to Defend America, 1940-1942
• 4.3: Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors, 1940-1968
• 4.4: Food for Freedom, 1943-1949
• 4.5: International Association of the Plastic Arts/International Art Association, 1954-1972
• 4.6: National Council on the Arts and Government, 1954-1972
• 4.7: National Endowment for the Arts, 1961-1972
• 4.8: New York State Council on the Arts, 1957-1971
• 4.9: Reconstruction Service Committee, circa 1940s-1942
• 4.10: Young Men's Christian Association, Baghdad records, 1916-1919

4.1: Adirondack Trail Improvement Society records, 1960s-1969 (Box 4; 2 folders)

Scattered documents include some correspondence with Harold Weston, who served as Chairman of the Adirondack Trail Improvement Society and printed materials. Stationery displays a logo for the society designed by Weston.

4.2: Committee to Defend America records, 1940-1942 (Box 4; 0.4 linear feet)

Harold Weston served as Chairman of the Keene and Essex County chapters of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (CDA.) The CDA promoted the idea that America should support Britain financially in order to avoid entering the war. Records found in this subseries include correspondence between the National Committee of the CDA, Harold Weston, and others; clippings; financial records; meeting minutes and records; newsletters and bulletins; notes; a petition; printed materials; typescripts of statements and speeches given to promote the CDA, some of which have notes by Weston; suggestions from the National Committee for local chairmen; and miscellany.

4.3: Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors records, 1940-1968 (Box 4-5; 0.3 linear feet)

Harold Weston served as president for the Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors in the 1950s and remained a member into the 1960s. Filed here are audio recordings and other documentation of "An Evening with Louise Nevelson," February 28th, 1967; clippings and other printed materials; scattered correspondence; membership and meetings information; materials relating to the Museum Gift Plan; and documents relating to the history of the association. Also found are Weston's notes taken during a discussion on sculptors by sculptors in 1954. Sculptors present during the discussion include: Caparn, Harkavy, Kekakis, Model, Nevelson, Simkhovitch, Stillman, Vargis, Weschler, and Wingate.

4.4: Food for Freedom records, 1943-1949 (Box 5; 11 folders)

Harold Weston organized Food for Freedom in 1943 for providing American aid to refugees in Europe and Asia. He served as Executive Director. Scattered documentation of the organization include clippings and other printed materials; correspondence; financial records from the early 1950s; a copy of a sermon delivered by Reverend A. Powell Davies from All Souls' Church in Washington, D.C. on November 10, 1946 entitled "Lest the Living Forget"; notes; organizational history; materials for a proposed book by Weston concerning Food for Freedom; and records of speeches given by Weston.

4.5: International Association of the Plastic Arts/International Art Association records, 1954-1972 (Box 5-7, 46; 2 linear feet)

Weston served as President of the U.S. Committee of the International Association of the Plastic Arts/International Art Association (IAPA)from 1961-1967. Records include a copy of Arts and Artists signed by IAPA delegates; articles and clippings; reports; correspondence; holiday cards from IAPA delegates - many of which are handmade or original works of art; financial documents; membership and meeting information; notes; organizational history; photographs of IAPA delegates and works of art displayed during the 1963 conference held in New York City, and other documents of the conference; and records from the World Academy of Arts and Sciences connected with the IAPA.

4.6: National Council on the Arts and Government records, 1954-1972 (Box 7-10, 46; 2.5 linear feet)

Harold Weston was a founder of the National Council on the Arts and Government and served as Vice President and President. The group helped to pass legislation forming the National Endowment for the Arts. Found here are annual reports; a ceremonial letter and pen signed by Mayor Robert F. Wagner; clippings; extensive congressional information regarding bills, committees, and testimony; correspondence and memoranda; financial and legal information; grant proposals; lists; membership and meetings information; notes; organizational history; Patron of the Arts Committees information; petitions; a press kit; printed materials; programs information; reports; resolutions; speeches by Weston; and writings.

4.7: National Endowment for the Arts records, 1961-1972 (Box 10; 0.3 linear feet)

Scattered materials include clippings; congressional documents about bills, committees, and members; correspondence; drafts; financial materials; organizational history; and printed materials from the NEA and other organizations of interest. Information relating to programs funded by the National Endowment for the Arts is filed under Programs Information and contains materials from 1967-1972. Due to it's close affiliation between the National Council on the Arts and Government, some materials from the National Endowment for the Arts may be in the previous series.

4.8: New York State Council for the Arts records, 1960s-1969 (Box 10; 2 folders)

Harold Weston helped to establish the New York State Council for the Arts through his involment in the National Council on the Arts and Government. Materials found include clippings, records from the Committee to Beautify New York City, correspondence, meeting records, organizational history, and printed materials.

4.9: Reconstruction Service Committee records, circa 1940s-1942 (Box 10; 5 folders)

Harold Weston served on the Reconstruction Service Committee, established to assist projected rebuilding efforts in Europe. Scattered records include a clipping, correspondence detailing problems the RSC faced in the naming of their group and finding leadership and sponsorship, memoranda, notes, and a proposal for the Civilian Rehabiliation Corps.

4.10: Young Men's Christian Association, Baghdad records, 1916-1919 (Box 10, 47; 0.2 linear feet)

Weston served with the YMCA, Baghdad in World War I and volunteered with the Baghdad Art Club. Records are from both the YMCA and the Baghdad Art Club and consist of exhibition announcements and catalogs, clippings, correspondence and memoranda between Weston and YMCA volunteers and others, YMCA holiday cards designed by Weston, financial materials, organizational history, a letter of introduction for Harold Weston written in Farsi and a hand-drawn map of rural areas outside Baghdad, YMCA announcements and newsletters, notes, photographs of the Baghdad Art Club exhibition of 1918 and a photo the YMCA Baghdad staff from 1917, YMCA printed materials, and a "University Plan" intended as an educational program for use in Mesopotamia.

Series 5: Commissions and Project Files, 1935-1965 (Box 10-12, OV 1; 1.4 linear feet)

The Commissions and Project Files series is arranged into 2 subseries:

• 5.1: Building the United Nations records, 1949-1965
• 5.2: Procurement Building Murals records, 1935-1964

5.1: Building the United Nations, 1949-1965 (Box 10-11, 47; 1 linear foot)

Harold Weston began his painting of the building of the United Nations buildings in New York City in 1949. Found are all materials relating to the painting within the Harold Weston papers including clippings; a list of members belonging to the Committee for the Gift to the United Nations of Harold Weston's Painting Building the United Nations; correspondence, much of which relates to fundraising for the donation of the paintings; financial and fundraising materials; an interview with Weston by Mary Ellen Thomson concerning the paintings; legal documents; photographs including installations, black and white, color and matted photos of the works, and research and reference photos; proposals and estimates for donation; and a proposal for "Voices of Destiny," a U.N. documentary.

5.2: Procurement Building Murals, 1935-1964 (Box 11-12, OV 1; 0.4 linear feet)

Harold Weston's murals for the Procurement Building at 7th St SW and D ST SW in Washington, D.C. were completed under the Treasury Relief Art Project of the federal Works Progress Administration. Found here are clippings, correspondence concerning Weston's affiliation with the Treasury Relief Art Project, a description and other interpretive materials about the murals written and compiled by Weston, exhibtion catalogs and other printed materials, notes about the execution and restoration of the works, photographs and negatives, proposals and plans, preliminary sketches, and Harold Weston's time cards for the art project.

Series 6: Freedom in the Wilds records, late 1960s-1976 (Box 12-13; 1.8 linear feet)

Found are all materials relating to Harold Weston's book Freedom in the Wilds (1971), written by Weston as an autobiographical account of his experiences as a painter in the Adirondacks. Records include legal and financial papers, an appeal for financial contributions, correspondence concerning the book, handwritten and typescript drafts including those that are annotated and a precursor to the book entitled "Saga of the Adirondack Mountain Reserve," lists, copy editing notes, photographs and negatives, printed materials, proofs, and published copies of the book.

Series 7: Writings and Notes, 1912-1975 (Box 13-14; 0.6 linear feet)

Writings are by Harold Weston, family members, and others. Writings by Weston include a thesis on painting and art from 1915, writings about his travels in the Middle East, articles concerning art and short stories, poems written while in school and to Helen Babbott, academic papers and notes, notes, diary notes, annotated picture postcards from a trip to Europe in 1957, and remarks made my Weston at an annniversary dinner for the Philadelphia Ethical Society.

Writings by others are by Duncan Phillips, Paul Rosenfeld, Barbara Weston, and Faith Weston. Barbara Weston's "How I Became What I Am" discusses her parents' relationship and her time spent with them. Faith Weston's writings include poetry and notes, and a day diary written while in Europe in 1957. Also found are memorials to Harold Weston, notes labeled "Leaves from a Scrapbook" probably by Weston, general lists, and lists of works of art.

Series 8: Artworks and Artifacts, circa 1917-1967 (Box 14, 21; 0.6 linear feet)

Artwork by Harold Weston include a bookplate, one etching, sketches and watercolors, including several of Baghdad during World War I, and two woodcuts, including a 1924 holiday card. There are also copperplates of "Shroud" and Building the United Nations, which were used in the Harvard Alumni Bulletin, as well as unidentified sketches by others.

Series 9: Printed Material, circa 1900-1978 (Box 15-18, 47; 2.5 linear feet)

Printed materials include art related publications and magazines, news clippings on many topics, exhibition announcements and catalogs, guides and maps from the Middle East, Harvard and Haverford School publications, materials concerning the production of Henry IV at Harvard for which Weston designed the sets, invitations and programs, materials depicting illustrations by Weston, and others, and a Royal Air Force guide to describing aerial photographs from 1918 entitled Notes on Aerial Photogrpahy, Part II.

Series 10: Scrapbooks, circa 1963-1977 (Box 17-18; 0.5 linear feet)

Two scrapbooks were compiled by Faith Weston about Harold. The first contains materials mostly from the IAPA conference in 1963 which includes a photograph of and best wishes from President John F. Kennedy for the success of the IAPA conference. The second scrapbook consists primarily of clippings about Harold Weston's career as a painter. It was created in 1977 and contains materials dating from 1917 to 1977.

Materials have been removed from their binders but kept in original order.

Series 11: Photographs, circa 1900-1975 (Box 18-20, 22-45, 47; 4.2 linear feet)

This series includes Harold Weston's personal photographs, photographs of works of art, travel photos, and negatives. Personal photographs are of Weston, his family and friends, exhibitions, and his studio. Images of Weston's studio were taken by Faith in 1975 and depict the space as he left it before his death. Also found is a portrait of Weston's artist friend, Dorothy Paris. Travel photgraphs are of France, the Adirondacks, and cities throughout the Middle East including locations in present day Iraq, Iran, India. Photographs of works of art include Weston's paintings and sculpture as well as works of art not by Weston but owned by the family or displayed in their home in France.

Also found are 122 glass plate negatives of works of art painted by Weston in France between 1926-1930. Although Faith Weston supplied a list of works included in each box, it is unlikely that the order was maintained over the years. There are approximately one hundred lantern slides of scenes and people throughout the Middle East, most likely used by Weston in lectures, speeches, and talks.

Another set of glass plate negatives belonged to S.B. Weston, Harold's father, and are Adirondack scenes. Most of the plates are outdoor images although there is one photo of Harold Weston and his brother Carl as children. Although most of the slides are unlabeled, whenever possible an attempt has been made to identify them on the slide sleeve.

All glass plates and lantern slides have been removed from their original cases, but the cases have been saved in in Boxes 19 and 22. An attempt has been made to identify each of the lantern slides and these are grouped together by city or "scenes" such as agriculture or caravaning.